Use of “n” Word in Huck Finn

Others debate that it makes people uncomfortable and prevents them from reading this great piece of American literature. The people who believe that the original text should be edited, focus their discontent on the racial tone of the language. The fact that the racial insult makes many people feel uncomfortable, is one of the main reasons they feel that way. In the article by Philip Rails, the scholar Alan Cribber says, â€Å"It's a shame that one word should be a barrier between a marvelous reading experience and a lot of readers†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ(Rails 1).That Is exactly what people feel the word â€Å"Niger is In Huckleberry Finn. It acts as a barrier for people who find It uncomfortable to read, and prevents them from comprehending the writing. In the article â€Å"Houck Finn goes clean In new publication† by Analyzer, an English teacher expresses why she doesn't think Its k to use the word. When you're using slurs – racial slurs, gender slurs, homosexuality slurs â⠂¬â€œ I think you're victimizing people† (Layer 3). It is very true that blacks in America could get offended if you say the word in a classroom or they read it in the novel.It probably reminds them of the hard times their ancestors went through or puts them into stereotype that they don't think they belong in. It is very easy for people to become uncomfortable with an insult like the word in Houck Finn. The English teacher in Layer's article also says, remember when I first read it in 1986 and I was thinking, ‘Oh, wow. The racial slur Is problematic† (Layer 2). Like many people, she feels as though â€Å"slave† would be more acceptable. It would make people feel more at ease and able to actually read the book without a distracting word.Teachers definitely do not want their students to be Immature about the n-word, especially if there are blacks in the classroom. If the students wouldn't be mature about it, it would be nice to have another choice. Readers, s tudents and teachers also should have a choice in what they want to read. If they have the book with in it and don't want it, they should be able to choose what they want. As long as they are comfortable and do not distract or offend the reader than the point of the book is shown. While the reasons for replacing the slur are reasonable, people are still tryingly against censoring Houck Finn.They feel as though removing the insult would compensate what had happened in the past. The way we treated the slaves was extremely harsh and this Is a way America can remember as well as refrain from making a mistake Like that In the future. Another reason readers don't want to censor the novel Is the fact that they are censoring a major novel. In the article â€Å"Why a new edition of Houck Finn Is†¦ † By Alexandra Petri, Petri discusses her displeasure with the censorship of the novel. She says, â€Å"This is like turning Death of a Salesman into room Heart of Darkness – or all the darkness† (Petri).Even Mark Twain himself said about the difference between â€Å"slave† and â€Å"Niger† is â€Å"the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning† (Controversy as new edition†¦ ). If they censor American literature, what will be next? Many argue that they don't know where the removing of all things bad will stop. Great deals of readers think that the racial slur is crucial to how the readers interpret the whole story. In the article, â€Å"Houck Finn goes clean†¦ † An English professor explains how important it is to be shaken and feel uncomfortable with the word â€Å"Niger† (Layer).It depicts the time period in which it happened accurately, and though it wasn't, and still isn't, something that is acceptable, it still brings out the point of the novel. Mark Twain put the word in there for a purpose, not Just to do it. He uses it to bring out some of the satire. Petri says in her article that reg ardless of the fact that slavery was in full throttle, â€Å"Mark Twain was still able to use satire to show how wrong it was† (Petri). Granted, the usage of the word â€Å"Niger† was normal in that time period, but now the satire Twain uses seems al the more relevant.His satire is still shown to this very day. Also, the characters would not have said â€Å"slave†, it is more realistic if Houck was to say â€Å"Niger† because, to him, that's what a slave was. It was completely normal, whether we think it was or not. All in all, the choice is up to the readers. If the reader feels that the â€Å"n† word is too offensive to read, the option to read a different word should be open to them. We can't distract people from the meaning of the story if they get disgruntled and embarrassed.No one has the right to deny someone fondness when reading a book. The novel is partially about striving for freedom. While freedom comes with a price, shouldn't everyone have the freedom to choose which way they want to read something? However, it is also important to know that the word was there in the first place. It is true that the story could lose its meaning by taking out what makes the satire so uncomfortable. The word is an important part of the story, but if people understand it than why are they not allowed to enjoy the piece that people admire so much?

Introduction speech Essay

Every single person faces obstacles, whether they are big or small. Either learning how to swim, driving a car for the first time, or even waking up for an 8AM class. These are just a few obstacles that occur daily. One major obstacle that constantly gets overlooked is change. A prime example of a major change in a child’s life is the transition from high school to college. Starting college, a ne place with new people, can be a daunting task for anyone. Your classmate, Abby Howell showed her true character and optimism when her adjustment to Madison didn’t go as expected. Abby, like any other 18 year old, was nervous about coming to college. She was nervous about leaving her safe haven she called home, and because of that she decided to chose Madison, a mere 9 miles from her family in McFarland. Abby arrived to school with an optimistic mindset. The nerves and jitters had surpassed and she was truly starting to get the hang of things. It was August 30th, and the sun was beaming down on Abby as she rode her bike. The sidewalk was packed so Abby had to keep switching from the sidewalk to the grass in order to avoid the pedestrians. However, one time while making the uphill venture toward the sidewalk, her front tire clipped the edge of the curb and her bike tumbled over. Abby broke the fall with her hands and ended up shattering her wrist. It’s kind of ironic; Abby was looking out for the well being of others and in turn was the one that ended up getting injured. Rather than dwell on the unlucky situation, Abby views it in a positive way and lets everyone know that â€Å"it could have been worse.† The way in which Abby handled breaking her wrist just goes to show her optimistic view on life. Abby is constantly looking at the glass half full, and is always searching for the best in every situation. Honestly, how would you have reacted?

Ethiopian Culture

Ethiopian Culture The people of Ethiopia are very diverse group of people that speak several different languages. Among them are a form of Semitic, Cushitic, or Amharic–which is the official language. English is the most widely spoken foreign language. Ethiopia has many ethnic groups: Oromo, Amhara, Tigreans and 77 other ethnic groups. Many of these groups have their own language as well. The two major religious groups in the country are Christians and Muslims along with traditional African Religions.Ethiopians are very respectful people and will rise out of one’s seat or give up one’s bed for an older friend or family member. Being of modest demeanor and courteous are very important social values in Ethiopia. When meeting new people, Ethiopians often are formal and reserved. Forming relationships takes time and is a process in and of itself. Some issues that need to be addressed are the treatment of women. This is due to women not being treated fairly, and even sometimes poorly. Most women don’t know their rights.The Ethiopian constitution provides for equality , but it is rarely followed because there are no effective mechanisms of enforcement for these protections (Ethiopia Economic Studies, 2000). Also, due to the high number of ethnic groups, many people live in states that are segregated by ethnic group and political affiliation. This may cause issues when people of different cultures work together. Reports show that there is a long history of tension between tribal groups in the region. One such example is between the Nuer and Anuak.Other issues that will factor in while doing business in Ethiopia are: extreme poverty; poor infrastructure, such as transportation; communications and other utility services; restrictions on foreign exchange and poor banking system. Despite this, Ethiopia’s economic growth has surged, averaging 6-7% from 1993-1998 (Ethiopia Economic Studies, 2000). Overall, Ethiopia is a country ripe with o pportunity that can provide a mutual benefit to investors and the local population. Labor is inexpensive nd therefore, our company can afford to hire more people and help our fellow employees out of poverty and still turn a profit. There are many risk involved–considering the ethnic and political tension–but with any potential investment, there are always risks. With knowledge and a great understanding of Ethiopian culture, a good business plan can help smooth out the rough edges of doing business in a foreign country. References: Travel Information. (2009). Ethiopia Country Review, 92-103. Cultural and demographic risks in Ethiopia. (2000). Ethiopia Economic Studies, 84.

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 44

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz - Essay Example The remarkable details of her challenges in life focus on her quest for knowledge. At a very tender age of three, she has showed signs of commendable intellectual skills that the collection of books of his grandfather served as her mental refuge. It was likewise revealed that by the age of six or seven, her burning desire to learn more through formal education led her to beg her mother to send her to Mexico University, an institution exclusively for males, as she planned to disguise as a boy (Oregon, par. 5; Kantaris, par. 12). When her grandfather supposedly died, she was sent to Mexico to live with her aunt. It is here where she had learned lessons in Latin grammar, which, as averred by Kantaris, â€Å"enabled her to read philosophical and theological works in the language, and she came to be considered as something of a child prodigy. She began to be lionized in high society for her intelligence and also for her famed beauty† (par. 12). Her works that focus on the right of women to education were highly admirable given that she lived during a time when rights of women, especially to higher education were not yet encouraged, nor acceptable. In her literary work entitled Reply to Sor Philothea, the depth of her contentions revealed that: if fathers wish to educate their daughters beyond what is customary, for want of trained older women and on account of the extreme negligence which has become women's sad lot, since well-educated older women are unavailable, they are obliged to bring in men teachers to give instruction...As a result of this, many fathers prefer leaving their daughters in a barbaric, uncultivated state to exposing them to an evident danger such a familiarity with men breeds (Oregon, par. 2) Further, through personal determination and discipline, she harnessed her skills, knowledge and abilities that enabled her to achieve what she sought for, despite difficulties and challenges of her times.

Competing in the Global Marketplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competing in the Global Marketplace - Essay Example This paper presents a practical example of applicability of this model. The example presented is the world famous (and stunning!) acquisition of IBM's Personal Computer and Laptop business by Lenovo, China. The paper puts emphasis on the weaknesses of IBM & strengths of Lenovo that resulted in this acquisition, the challenges that Lenovo faced after this acquisition and the strategies that Lenovo planned to mitigate the risks posed by the challenges. Computer Electronics Manufacturing in China - the case of Lenovo: A brief on Michael Porter's model is essential at this stage before the mapping is attempted. Following figure presents the model (http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_porter_diamond_model.html). The model presents a strong correlation of four major influencing factors governing the success of an Industry at a National & International level, and the control of the local Government on these influencing factors. Firm Strategy and Rivalry: This corresponds to an imposed urgency on the firm to boost Productivity and Innovation due to direct competition in the Local Market. This influencing factor is governed by the system in the country (enforced and controlled by the Local Government), in which companies are established, organized and managed (Recklies Management Project GmbH, 2001). Demand Conditions: This corresponds to the domestic demand conditions imposed on the firm by end customers, scope of products, and demand-supply ratio. These demand conditions can get internationalized if the Government Machinery supports a structured mechanism to achieve this as not all domestic strengths get recognized in the International Markets (Recklies Management Project GmbH, 2001). Related and Supporting Industries: A domestic Industry grows substantially if the local government is successful in creating and administering a sound business framework. In this framework, a strong network of competitors, suppliers, service providers, brand managers, marketing agents, etc is created which collectively influence a healthy growth of this business as well as increase demands & boost supplies. Factor Conditions: This corresponds to a sound business support framework to the business that includes (but not limited to) skilled manpower, infrastructure, supply channels (like liberal import policies), funds (availability of loans from banks and venture capitalists), etc. China serves as the manufacturing powerhouse of the world because of Government policies & Capital investments in this direction, huge lands available, excellent Infrastructure, hands-on skill based education system, very low cost labor, a number of low cost suppliers and ambitions to match the strong influence of Taiwanese counterparts in the Global markets (see references). Given all these strength parameters of China and a killing recession in the Western IT Industry in the beginning of this millennium, Global majors like IBM decided to outsource a major part of their expensive manufacturing operations to manufacturing giants (Like Lenovo) in China. As a matter of fact, Lenovo, China has been manufacturing for IBM for

Landscape painting of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Landscape painting of China - Essay Example Monumental landscape was ordinarily depicted to express power and dominance. In principle, their encompassed mountains as the dominant feature and other features belittled to reduce their significance. Also, it showed or compared the insignificant nature of the natural human being relative to the natural grandeur. It is safe to assert that the natural power and eminence could be compared to political power. The metaphoric aspect of the landscape on the other hand, was used to show the hierarchy and social structures of the human society. For instance, â€Å"A solitary Temple amid Clearing Peaks,† was associated and attributed to Li Cheng had a gigantic mountain in the background and a temple in the middle of picture. There is also other features of people on the lower periphery of the picture being depicted as little and insignificant at the might of the ruling political class. Li Cheng was a ruling family in the political imperialism of Sony dynasty. Thus, the painting had de ep political meaning and symbolism. Generally, the painting symbolized political stability and peace of the Sony dynasty. It is important to note and mention that the huge structure of the mountain is express and easy to notice. The mountain represented the power of the emperor, the ruling class and political might. The situation was deliberate so as to compare of juxtapose the little figure of the people at the bottom of the painting as little or even insignificant. In all aspects and fairness, this is a representation an intuition.

Leadership and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership and management - Essay Example On the other hand, leadership focuses on the most important resource, which is people. Therefore, it remains as the process of not only developing but also communicating a vision for the future (Armstrong, 2012). The role of the leader is to design various responsibilities which engage an individual values and competence. Responsibilities are perceived to be motivating when they remain meaningful despite stretching them. Leaders use responsibilities to engage intrinsic motivations by for example creating something new, exercising individuals’ abilities, assisting others, and offering value to the clients (Armstrong, 2012). A good example to illustrate the difference between a leader and a manager is using the case of GE/Durham plant. The plant is responsible for assembling Boeing 777 engine. It has about 170 employees with just one manager. Consequently, within the plant, there are nine teams, each with one leader. The team decides among themselves who performs which work, they schedule training, overtime, and vacation. They also tackle productivity or lack of ethics among the team members. Hence, all of them are leaders. Even though, there are no direct incentives, what motivates the technicians is the desire for perfection and the pride of producing the best engines in the aviation industry. In this case, the work of the manager is to listen and inform the teams (Armstrong, 2012). From the example, it is evident that leadership is purely based on influence as well as shared meaning. It is also an informal role regarded as an achieved position. Part of every team member responsibility requires indepe ndent thinking and initiative. The responsibility of a leader is to decide on the direction of the team. Therefore, a leader is responsible for setting the ultimate objectives, goals, and aim for the team. The leaders will then not only inspire but also motivate the team so that they

Logistics, People and Operations--Problem Solving in Connection With Essay

Logistics, People and Operations--Problem Solving in Connection With Real Organization - Essay Example Usage of machinery is inevitable in very field or sector. In the case of logistics instead of creating the system of machines, a system of people is created. This will make the system of machines work with out any obstructions. Logistics is mainly of three types. It is business logistics, production logistics and military logistics. In this paper we deal mostly about business and production logistics. Business logistics involves supply chain management. This is because the products or services start from the supplier and reach the end user. Here inventory management, purchasing, transportation, storing, organising and planning will be integrated. The knowledge about the resources about the above topics will be combined by the managers to coordinate the resources in the organisation. This coordination will streamline the flow of the material through the network and the other coordinates the sequences of resources regarding the flow of the goods and services. In production logistics the logistical process is internal, whereas in the business logistics the process is external. This involves the flow of goods and services within a industry or an organisation, which have branches located in different areas. The machines in the work places are fed with right product due to the production logistics. The streamlining of the flow of the goods and services through a process constitute the production logistics. ... This understanding is not enough for implementation of the logistics, either that of business or production.1 Transport and warehousing logistics is the fifth largest sector that is providing employment in the states like Chicago and California in USA. Career in logistics: The initial discussion is about understanding the qualifications needed for the success in logistics. The personnel in this sector need the skills in in-time inventory, management practices and the capability of recognising the demand for material movement. One significant factor to be understood in this sector is ever growing need of work force. Though the number of opportunities is growing in all the sectors, the work force needed for a particular work is being decreased. It is not the case with the transportation and warehousing logistics. Customer service satisfaction: The requirement of staff in that sector is increasing every day. The reason is that the customers are demanding more speed and quality in transportation and warehousing respectively. The qualifications and experience for the personnel in this sector will be different from other sectors. The required skills, the career opportunities were different in nature. The personnel need the skills regarding the storage of more goods in as much less space as possible and the transportation of goods in right time to right place. The goods or the products that are to be stored and transported will be different in nature. They range from fruits to vegetables, glass to crockery, and machinery to spares. Each type requires a different type of storage and mode of transportation. The transportation of the two wheelers is different from the transportation of four

Political Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Political Science - Assignment Example Death penalty should be abolished due to a number of reasons. First, capital punishment does not prevent crime effectively. It lacks the restraining effect that is always alluded to by its proponents (Donohue III & Wolfers, 2006). Secondly, death penalty is against human rights. It violates the most basic human right, the right to life and therefore undermining human dignity. Thirdly, by advocating for death penalty, a state risks killing innocent citizens. Also, capital punishment is mostly applied randomly and this can be a cause of innocent people being executed (Schabas, 2012). There have been cases where individuals have been executed wrongly whereby the injustice cannot be ratified at any cost. Lastly, death sentence is against most religions and is therefore regarded as immoral. In my opinion, judges should decide the factual issues about whether to impose the death penalty or not to. This is because unlike in the jury case, one does not give opening statements. Secondly, one does not deposit jury payment to the court. Lastly, a judge is likely to ignore any evidence presented to him or her from the prosecutor. Normally, in a jury case the evidence is objected to by the acting attorney (Zimring, 2008). In brief, death penalty should be completely abolished globally and no state should be allowed to practise

The Thin Line Between Love and Hate Essay Example for Free

The Thin Line Between Love and Hate Essay The actions of the believer while visiting the Houses of Allah must vary from his normal actions outside of the masjid. This is due to his awareness of the sacredness of this house. He keeps in mind at all times, that he is visiting a place that has been established for the worship of Allah, and therefore, that which takes place in it should be mainly focused on actions which draw one nearer to Allah. Subsequently, the following actions are forbidden: 1. Speaking loudly or about matters of no real importance Al Saeeb bin Yazeed mentioned: I was standing in the masjid one day when I felt someone pocking me. When I turned around I saw that it was ‘Umar bin al Khattab. He instructed me to bring him two men who were in the masjid raising their voices. When I brought him the two men ‘Umar asked them: Where are you from? They replied: We are from Taif. ‘Umar said: If you were from this city, I would have beaten you! You were raising your voices in the masjid of the Prophet?! (Sahih Bukhari) Sa’eed bin al Musayib mentioned: â€Å"When a person sits in a masjid, indeed he is sitting for the worship of his Lord, and therefore he should only speak with that which is good.† (Tafsir al Qurtubi) It is also befitting to remind those whom bring children to the Houses of Allah that they are responsible for monitoring their children and making sure their behaviour is not a disturbance to fellow worshippers. The Prophet of Allah (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: â€Å"All of you are guardians, and everyone will be questioned concerning those under his care.†(Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim) Although this hadith is general, without a doubt, it applies to those whom accompany their children along with them to the Houses of Allah. The guardian should teach those in his care the correct manners of visiting the house of worship. He should not allow his child to run around and disturb others who are seeking nearness to Allah. If the child is too young and cannot be taught these manners, it is preferable to leave the child at home rather than cause disturbance to others within the masjid. 2. Reciting Quran loudly to the extent that it disturbs other worshippers Abu Sa’eed al Khudri reported that the Messenger of Allah (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) heard some people reciting the Quran loudly in the masjid, whereupon he said to them: â€Å"All of you intend to call on his Lord, therefore you should not harm one another, nor should you raise your voices in recitation.† (Sunan Abi Dawud) In the above narration we have a clear prohibition from the Prophet with regards to disturbing others in the masjid, so what is the case with those who disturb others with vain talk, music on their cell phones, laughing and joking, etc?! No Muslim would doubt that recitation of the Quran is one of the most beloved actions to Allah, and even with its great status in Islam, the Prophet (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) has forbidden that a person recites to the extent that he disturbs his fellow worshippers. This informs that those who disturb others with matters less in status than the Quran have indeed committed a grave wrong. 3. Crossing the path of someone praying The Prophet (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: â€Å"If the person walking in front of someone praying knew the extent of his fault, it would be better for him to wait forty before crossing in front of someone praying.† (Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim) In conclusion These were just a few etiquettes which we felt the need to remind ourselves and our brothers and sisters as it relates to attending the Houses of Allah.Allah knows best. May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon His final Prophet and Messenger, and upon his family members and companions.

How Does The Media Influence Young Women?

How Does The Media Influence Young Women? There are many programs and magazines, such as Americas next top model and Seventeen magazine, that are watched and read by many teenage girls. These girls are insecure and want to be popular, handsome and well-liked. The young women are therefore easily influenced by the information they receive from the media. An average teenage girl hides herself using tons of make-up and beautiful clothes, because she is insecure about her outer appearance. Every morning she has to get herself prepared for the day. She decides to skip her breakfast, an extra hour of sleep, or even her first lesson. She takes a shower, puts on enough make-up and dresses herself well. These girls are influenced by the beautiful and perfect women, whose pictures are showed in advertisements and on TV. A variety of programs show us public images of how you should dress, look and act. The young girls wish that they are also perfect, with the perfect dress and with the perfect make-up; so that they are attractive to boys and that they look like the girls and women on TV. Well known make-up artists such as Rimmel London and Max Factor present their make-up with skinny girls, who have the perfect skin and the perfect look. So the question is, are they selling the product, the make-up, or are they selling the beautiful woman? The advertisements are indeed selling the product, but they are also selling the image of the ideal woman. They emphasize thinness as part of the females beauty. These women, who are on the covers of the magazines, serve as an example for the teenage girls. They also want to be thin, have big boobs, and a beautiful skin. These images affect the girls own self-image. Not only the models have a great influence on the girls, also the articles written in the popular teenage magazines have a great influence on the young women. The articles explain the girls about the ideal appearance. Articles like How to look attractive to boys and How to achieve the perfect look, hair and face are extremely normal. An article on the website of Seventeen magazine gives you the perfect example of such an article, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾New Makeup Promise to Boost Your Mood! This article is about a new make-up that promises to make you happy. It explains about the ingredients, such as Euphoryl, Murumuru Seed Butter and Theobroma Grandiflorum, whatever they are, and I am sure that girls, who read this article, think about buying this make-up, without realising if these ingredients really work! Outer appearance has become very important throughout the years for everyone, because of the media. They emphasize the importance of the physical appearance and that is the way advertisers sell beauty products such as day and night creams and make-up. Women and teenage girls therefore strive to achieve the ideal outer appearance presented by the media. They are not satisfied with their own body and are doing anything to become beautiful. Do you recognize these young women? I bet that almost two third of the teenage girls could be compared to the average teenage girl who has been influenced by the media. These girls are boring and not outstanding. Thus, the media should stop offering false information to young women about the perfect body. The media encourages the girls to have a negative self-image. In fact, a person who is fat and walks like a duck has probably a more beautiful personality than the other girls. Although these girls are not to blame, the media is. By writing an opinion column, I wanted to express my opinion about how the media influences young women, because advertisements, commercials, TV programs and magazines are all influencing the teenage girls by giving them false information. An opinion column should not be written in a particular style. As a columnist you are free to write in your own style, although it still has to be worth reading. So my first objective was to write a convincing opinion column that would be easy to read for most people. Therefore I didnt use many difficult words and tried to be convincing by giving the reader important information about the influence of the media. My second objective was to inform the people about the influence of the media on teenage girls. I explained the average, insecure teenage girl who can be easily influenced by beautiful models printed on the cover of the popular teenage magazines. As an example I described a daily morning of an average teenage girl. Every morning she has to get herself prepared for the day (paragraph 2). The girls strive for having the perfect face; therefore they skip their breakfast to prepare for school. To support my opinion about the influence of media I used another example. On the website of Seventeen magazine, an American magazine for teenagers, I found an article that was called: New Makeup Promise to Boost Your Mood! (see stimulus material). This article is about a special make-up that would make the girls happier. Young teenage girls are easily influenced by this text and by the convincing title, because the title makes a certain promise to you. The Happy Booster Glow Mood Boosting Blush and Face Powder by Physicians Formula promises to lift your spirits. Its the first-ever makeup line developed to stimulate happy thoughts through mood-enhancing ingredients, color therapy, aroma therapy, and texture therapy. Basically, it copies the effect of endorphins, aka happy molecules, which produce a sense of well-being. (Your body releases endorphins during exercise, which is what makes you feel great afterward.) Other ingredients include Euphoryl, which is an anti-depressant packed with Omega-3, as well as Murumuru Seed Butter and Theobroma Grandiflorum Seed Butter, which make skin feel silky-smooth and appear luminous. Finally, its blend of floral scents refreshes your mood. And how cute is this packaging?! All this happiness is contained in a heart-shaped plastic compact with a pink metallic base. It comes in a face powder (see above), blush, and bronzer, and each is a variety of overlapping different-colored hearts. So, the big question: can you buy happiness? For $11.95-13.95 at select drugstores, you just might come close!

Operational Management At Pepsi Cola Company Commerce Essay

Operational Management At Pepsi Cola Company Commerce Essay At present new product decision is taken by the top management. Demand for new product is investigated by production manager- terms of raw material, machinery operations, and quality. Fro this purpose he can get guidance from constructions. Finance department evaluates financial viability. Sample production is conducted. Response from buyer in terms of satisfaction and companys ability to meet the requirement helps in deciding to produce new product. Process Design: In the company process is continuous supply of concentrate is critical but process can be automated. Process is flexible and production on plant can be changed within one hour. Production on plant can be changed within one hour. Production is of large scale and covers a wide area for the distribution of the product. Facility Design and Layout: Facility design and physical layout of plant, supporting facilities and building is provided by the parent company that is PEPSI COLA International. Transportation costs with the plant is minimum. Physical layout provides maximum utilization of available space by optimizing costs. Inventory: Company is not using the quantitative methods for calculating economic order quantity, reorder point, safety stock and annual inventory cost. The company does not give importance to control inventory cost. Lead time is usually 2 days an in an exceptional case it can be up to 4-5 days. this also one reason that EOQ, ROP, lead time are calculated using qualitative techniques, by estimates of experienced managers. Martial Requirement Planning: Company produces beverages and uses Sugar, Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia and concentrate as raw material. Sot drink is a seasonal product. Most of the sale is done during summer season. Concentrate is bought from the franchiser PepsiCo. Sugar is bought directly from the sugar manufacturers of the area. CO2 is prepared within the premises, which is enough for the full capacity of two plants. When during samara 4 plants are in working, CO2 is purchased from the outside suppliers. Company Profile: Pepsi co. is infect a corporation listed in the New York Stock Exchange USA. It is the owner of globe products like Pepsi Cola, Team, Marinda etc. Being owner of the products they give the rights of manufactures of its products to different countries. All over the world, the products are standard. If you buy a Pepsi from a remote area like Talamba and from Washington D.C., you will find absolutely same taste and color. Because Pepsi Co. has strict quality standards. And the franchisees have to follow these standards. Otherwise they have to face penalties from the real owners of the product. In Pakistan there are 10 units of Pepsi cola are working. Each unit has its own license of production. And each unit has its own territory in which it can sell its products. No unit can interfere in the area of other unit. Brief History: The company was introduced in 1967 as a (Pvt.) Limited company. It started its production in 1968. In the early stages it was famous with the name of 7-up factory. Because 7-up was its first product. The other brands were introduced after 7-up. Pepsi Cola, Marinda and Green Marinda have been different products of Shamim and Co. Since its introduction. At present 7-up, Pepsi Cola and Marinda are being produced. Company Characteristics: Shamim Co. is the biggest soft drink manufacturing unit in Pakistan with its four plants having full capacity of 50,000 crates per day. Company covers area of Southern Punjab including Sahiwal, Mianwali, Rajan Pur, Bahawalnagar and Khan Pur. Departmentalization: There are six departments in the company, which are production, Marketing, Finance, Sales, Shipping administration and personnel. In each deptt. there is a manger which is responsible for the working of his department to the general manager. A manager has an assistant manager. After Ass. A manager their are Shift Incharge in production and supervisors in sales. They control the activities of operatives. Product Planning: Shamim and company works under licensee of Pepsi Co., as explained earlier. At present Shamim and Company does not possess the ownership of any product. All of its products are originally owned by Pepsi Co. New York. Franchiser gives concentrate and sets quality standards for it products. Company just follows these standards and produces beverages. Uptill now the company has not produced any product of its own and there is no concept of product planning in future as well, because the management considers it a very theme to introduce a new brand of their own. In the brand like Pepsi Cola and 7-up are selling in the market like hot cackes. Meanwhile the people in Pakistan are reluctant to purchase Pakistan branded beverages and we dont find any successful domestic brands of soft drinks in Pakistan. Thats why the management does not have any motivation to do product planning. In a dynamic market the company may expand, add or relocate new facilities, which means that location decisions are made the life of a company. Location decisions are important due to following reasons. Competition. Cost. Hidden effects. Factors that effect the location decisions are Market related factors. Tangible Cost factors.  · Transportation.  · Labor availability and costs.  · Energy availability and costs.  · Water availability and costs.  · Site and construction cost.  · Taxes. Intangible Factors.  · Legal regulation.  · Community attitude.  · Expansion potential.  · Living conditions. Operations Planning: Product Planning: Shamim and company works under licensee of Pepsi Co., as explained earlier. At present Shamim and Company does not possess the ownership of any product. All of its products are originally owned by Pepsi Co. New York. Franchiser gives concentrate and sets quality standards for it products. Company just follows these standards and produces beverages. Up till now the company has not produced any product of its own and there is no concept of product planning in future as well, because the management considers it a very theme to introduce a new brand of their own. In the brand like Pepsi Cola and 7-up are selling in the market like hot cackes. Meanwhile the people in Pakistan are reluctant to purchase Pakistan branded beverages and we dont find any successful domestic brands of soft drinks in Pakistan. Thats why the management does not have any motivation to do product planning. In a dynamic market the company may expand, add or relocate new facilities, which mean that location decisions are made over the life of a company. Location decisions are important due to following reasons. Competition. Cost. Hidden effects. Factors that effect the location decisions are Market related factors. Tangible Cost factors.  · Transportation.  · Labor availability and costs.  · Energy availability and costs.  · Water availability and costs.  · Site and construction cost.  · Taxes. Intangible Factors.  · Legal regulation.  · Community attitude.  · Expansion potential.  · Living conditions. Location Design Location of manufacturing operations can have a graet impact on operating cost, profit and price at which products are offered. As far allocation is concerned the companys strategy consists of selecting the location from which the potential market will be served. The location of facility involves the commitment of resources to long range plan.. Location of industry is selected on the basis of  Ã‚ µ Availability of raw material on cheap prices and maximization of profits.  Ã‚ µ Proximity to potential customers.  Ã‚ µ In plant location objective is to minimize the sum of all costs, not only todays but long term cotsts. There may arise four questions for facility aspects. 1. Types of facilities needed. 2. Location of facilities. 3. Design / Layout of facilities. 4. Capacity planning. Company Location: Shamim and company is located near MDA chowk Multan in province of Punjab. The site of company is not of some strategic value. Because Shamim and Co. covers a large area of Southern Punjab. So there is no importance of site with reference to the other cities of this area. Any way; site of the company is considerable for Multan. Process Design and Facility Layout Having done the location selection company design a building, select the appropriate process technology and equipment and arranges it in away so that it has greatest potential to meet the strategic demand of organization. The type of operations to be performed in a facility, influence the facilitys needs and layouts. Equipment involved effects the layout. Facilities must be designed for the efficient operations in the organization. Layout for Operations: Facility is designed in numerous ways to support this work to be done within each facility numerous factors must be considered. Amount of available space and its shape. Design objective is very imprint. some of layouts are:  · Retail layout.  · Office layout.  · Distribution and ware house layout.  · Manufacturing layout. Manufactering Process: In Shamim Co. manufactering process is as follows; Water Extraction: Raw water is extracted from the sources. It is treated to remove its hardness. Here water is tested in lab to check it harness. If water has some Co3 or Hco3 it is drained and again soft water is used in the preperation of syrup. Preperation of Syrup: Syrup is prepared with sugar, concentrate and water. this syurup is heated upto 90 C to get it pasturized. this hot syrup is collled down and stored in the tanks. Here lab testing of syrup is done to check its quality standard. Production: Syrup is sent to Carbo Cooler. During flow of syrup from tanks to Carbo Coolers, Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide are mixed in the syrup. In production process empty is feeded from on side. This emplty is washed and light check is done to see quality of washing. From Carbo Cooler syrup goes to the Filler. At filler syrup is filled in the empty bottles, and Cap Crown is fixed on the bottols. Here and operater looks after the filling process. He can increase, derease or even stop production speed accordingly. Filled bottols are tested in lab. by taking samples. Light check is done to check the level of syrup in bottles and chek some solid partieals. The overfilled or underfilled bottols are separated. If some partical is found in some bottlol it is also separated. After light check bottols passed under a printer and code is printed on the bottoles, with this code the date of manufactering and shift time can be identified. When all checking process is done the bottlols are cased in the crates. The whole process of manufactaring is automatic. It required a little supervision. Raw material is put from one side and filled bottles come out of the process. Support Facilities: Support facilities are carried out in such a way that the direct operations can function smoothely. support facilities are essential for operations. Some of departments to be considered in layour are  · Inventories, material and suppliers.  · Tool room.  · Inspection and quality control.  · First aid.  · Maintenance.  · Safety and security.  · Clerical and bookkeeping.  · Tube well.  · Airconditioning plant.  · Transformer.  · Equipment for work shop.  · Bailing press.  · Parking facility.  · Canteen.  · Emergency situation analysis. Issuance of Different Items: When production department requires a particular item from inventory, they fill the requisition slip. One copy is kept at the store and a carbon copy is kept by the production deptt. This slip includes the quantity issued, stock register page number, iteem code, This slip is signed by the production manager. Inventory items are issued on these slip. Control of Inventory: At the end of each month, store prepares a monthly consumption report. This report includes the detail of all the inventory items which were consumed by the production deptt. of Shamim Co. during the month. In this way the inventory is controlled in the Shamim Company. Quality Control: The quality control should 1. Define specific product and service quality level requirements. 2. Determine the relationship of design and process characteristric to output quality and related process requirement. 3. Dewtermine methods, personnel and equipment for measuring quality. 4. Measure and record the quality achieved. 5. Trigger corrective processess when actual quality varies from the acceptable quality. Specification of quality requirements begins in market research continue as part of the product design activity, and culminates in the quality specification and design subsystem output. That output defineates the specific product or service attribute that effect the quality and must be assured. The Quality Specification And Design Subsystem The activities of this subsysten are integral part of the product design activities, its objectives are to be determine that the new design output 1. Will meet the customer need. 2. Will operate under end use conditions. 3. Can be produced or provided given the organizions capabilities. 4. Will function with the specified level of reliability interms of minimum means time between failure. 5. Will require less than a specified amount of maintaince hours and material costs operating hour. 6. Can be required within a certain time frame. Quality Assurance: Quality assurance is the title given to those management activities and systems required to provide assurance that the over all quality controlled task is being carried out. The quality asssurance system is the aggregate quality management system. It interfaces with other general management system performong similar functions relative to the organizations financial personnel facilities and marketing policies and capability. a) Proper use of the product and the conditions under which use is dangerous and unadviceable. b) Document the product liability planning and procedures as well as the result of all tests and inspections. Process Quality Planning Control Subsystem: This subsystem concerns the what, where, when, who of quality control during operations. It frequently involves major expenditure for personnel, equipment, inspection and testing activity. The objectives of this subsystem are to be 1. Determine the process attribute and characteristic to be measured. 2. Determine the methods of measurement and develope detalied instructions describing the measurement process. 3. Determine, select and train the personnel required to implement the quality control procedures. 4. Measure and record operational quality interms of the number of defects and seriousness of defects and causes of defect. . Measurement And Documentation Product quality must be measured on both quantitative and qualitative basis, and the measurements must be recorder. Quantification of the qualitative aspects occurs whe defects are classified into categories such as critical major, and minor, which were describe earlier. A classification such as this one of the inputs to the organizations as greater measure of quality. Product or services that do not meet the desired quality standards generate two types of required corrective actions 1. The disposition of the defective product or service. 2. An analysis of the cause of the defeciencies. MAJOR COMPETITOR : COCA COLA: QUALITY CONTROL PROCESS  Ã…’ (COCA COLA) A Tour through Our Scientific Manufacturing Processes The Coca-Cola Company ensures the supreme quality of its beverages by employing globally accepted and validated manufacturing processes and Quality Management Systems. Let us now take you through the processes and Quality Assurance Programs followed by our world-class manufacturing facilities in India Testing Source Water For Plant Site Selection The site for our manufacturing plants are finalized only after the source water has been tested for all requirements of potable water. The analysis is always conducted by independent third party accredited laboratories. The source water is then properly protected and re-tested periodically to ensure that it conforms to international standards. The water is then drawn through sealed pipelines into the storage tanks placed in secured water treatment areas of the manufacturing plant. Water Treatment Know the Chemistry Of Purity The first step in the process of manufacturing soft drinks is to disinfect the water using globally approved chlorination procedures. This ensures that all micro-organisms including pathogens are destroyed. It also removes organic and inorganic impurities caused by oxidation of heavy metal ions. The second step is the filtration at the molecular level, which is achieved either by coagulation/flocculation or reverse osmosis. Contaminants commonly removed by this process include: Dirt, clay and any other suspended matter in the water. Microbial matter (including bacteria, yeast, moulds, virus, protozoa). Heavy metals and compounds which may cause an off-taste. The third step to stop potential contaminants is water purification using granular activated carbon filters. The granular activated carbon, with its large and porous surface area, ensures effective removal of trace levels of organic compounds (including pesticides and herbicides), colour, off-taste and odour-causing compounds using the principle of absorption. The last step is polishing filtration, which is passing water through high efficiency 5-micron filters to ensure every drop of treated water is free from any activated carbon fines and is safe for use in beverages. The Purity Of Our Sugar Is Crystal Clear Our sugar selection process is as stringent as our water purification process. The sugar, bought from high-grade authorized mills, is cleaned with a globally acclaimed carbon treatment process. A purified sugar syrup is created which is then blended with the soft drink concentrate. Carbon Dioxide Meeting International Purity Standards We procure carbon-dioxide, meeting international purity standards, from authorized suppliers. The gas then goes through stringent quality control checks before it used in the beverage. All the three primary ingredients used in beverage, the syrup, treated water and carbon-dioxide, are blended as per The Coca-Cola Companys specifications. The Automated Bottling Process We use a fully automated process to recycle the glass bottles returned from the market. These bottles are sanitized at high temperatures with specially formulated cleaning agents. They are then transported to the filler after a thorough visual inspection. After they are filled, in a high-speed automated filling machine, the bottles are capped/crowned, date coded and packed into crates/cartons. The complete manufacturing process has a well defined and structured Quality Control and Assurance Program. All the manufacturing facilities employ qualified, experienced and trained professionals for manufacturing and testing of our products. All the bottling facilities follow the Good Manufacturing Practices requirements as applicable to the food industry. All manufacturing equipment fulfil the stringent requirements of GMP and sanitary design. The entire Quality Management system of each plant is documented, managed and continually improved through aworld-wide accepted system of TCCQS (The Coca-Cola Quality System). BACK TO PEPSI : The latter units are approved on a variance basis: Many organizations establish a material review board, consisting of engineering, manufacturing quality control, marketing and a customer reprentative to review proposed rework of defective parts that are out side the standards of blueprints qualifications. Approval by all the members must be received before rework can proceed. Purchase Of Raw Material: Direct raw material for the products include the following items. i) Sugar ii) Concentrate iii) Treated water iv) Empty bottle v) Amonia and Carbon Dioxide. From above items only concentrate is provided by the franchiser. All other raw material is purchased by the company itself. Sugar Quality Testing: Purchase of sugar is a critical step in the purchase of raw material. When sugar bags are arrived at the plant that time it has to pass through a strict quality check. In fact sugar quality is very very important in the production of the beverages. . Water Treatment Tests: The company has installed four tubewells to meet the requirement of water. The extracted water is then treated for the use in the final processing. At different staged of treatment tests include: 1 Upper tap tests. 2 Sand filter and carbon purifier test. 3 Water softness test. For this purpose the company has prepared forms for the record of these tests which are signed by the shift incharge after each shift. If he observed some abnormality he stops supply from one container and provides the required water through other container. The company has two containers for the supply and storage of trated water. The closed container is then sanitized and washed back. The sanitation and washing back of containers is also done at regular basis, after ten days. Syrup Testing: After mixing water, sugar and concentrate it is treated at 900 C and then it is stored in the tanks. This is called simple syrup. This syrup is tested in the lab. This syrup goes into carbo cooler. Here Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide are mixed in the syrup. This is called finished syrup. The finished syrup is also tested in the lab. If chemist finds any deviation from the standards, the syrup is drained before any further processing. Finished Bottle Tests When the bottles are filled at filler, the chemist take sample after every half hour. If any deviation from the standard is found the whole batch is drained before going in market. A microbiological test is also taken by the chemist after a week of production. If any kind of germs growth is found the stored bottles are declared rejected. Forecasting: Planning and control for operations require an estimate of the demand for the product for the service that an organization expects to provide in the future. Numerous methods for the aart and science of forecasting have been develop and reported in the literature. The field of forecasting is full of instances at both government and individual firm levels. For short term decisions, we need forecasting methods that are relatively inexpensive to install and maintain and that can be adapted to situaations involving a large number of items to be forecast. For immidiate range plans, useful forcasts will probably be aggregated by product types. Detailed forecasts for each individual item may not be necessary. Since the relaative frequency of forecasts is lower and the number of different product types for which forecasts are made is smaller than in the case for the short term decisions, forecasting methods that require modest cost and effort could be employed. Demand Foracasting By Shamim Company:- In fact Shamim Company is a product focused companywhich highly emphasize on the production of the products. Due to the environment of the market and continuously changing demand, the management relies on qualitative methods. As the company has a seasonal business so the demand is high in the months of April, May, June, July and August. This is the peak season for the company. So for the forecast of the next demand the company sees the data of sales of the same month and the trend is observed. MATERIAL REQUIREMENT PLANNING Materials related decisions must be coordinated to make efficient use of resources. Both ther necessary material inputs and the necessary capacity must be available before transformationcan be performed to know when materials will be available before it can accurately sshedule use of capacity. It has to have some idea what capacity will be available before it can know when materials will be needed. Large companies that buy large quantities of items over extendedperiod can sometime exert enough pressure on suppliers to ontain material almost when they want them. Companies that do not make large purchases may have to fit their schedules to the dates on which material can be obtained, or purchase with sufficient lead time so that material will be available when the companies need them. Continous manufacturing operations usually involve all aspects of materials management. Regardless of the way a company may be organised , several material functions probably are performed by some organizational structure of a company and assignments of resposibilities depend on the capabilities of employee and the need of the organization as percieved by its decision maker. MATERIAL REQUIREMENT PLANNING OF SHAMIM COMPANY There are two major raw materials for products of Shamim Company. These are concentrate and sugar. Other raw material include raw water, empty bottles, Ammonia gas, Carbon Dioxide gas, caustic soda, chemicals for laboratories, and stationary items. RECOMMENDATIONS Formula the Pepsi should adopt is three way of telling customers = Tell them you are cool. = Tell them in a big way. = Keep telling this to them. Pepsi forgot that people dont drink cola they drink can, so they have to make innovations for their cans and promotional marketing. They also failed to adhere to its commitment to export 50% of its production in india, so they should concentrate on what they said. Pepsi began exporting products such as tea rice and shrimp. An agricultural research center should be establish.

Lessons Learned from A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Essay -- Enorm

Lessons Learned from A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings      Ã‚   "A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings" is a short fiction story written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in 1955. Magical realism plays a major part in this story by the use of fantasy of an old man being portrayed as an angel who has come to create miracles to a family along with many other believers. Some will believe, others will just shoo this so called "angel" away in a painful and heart-breaking way. I enjoyed this story very much. I was able to get very interested. Marquez starts it out with "On the third day of rain." That line right there is magical because angels are of God, and on the third day God's son rose from the grave. It was the third day that Pelayo came upon this very old man who had appeared to be an angel. It was awful how Pelayo had thrown this angel into the pen with the hens. Only after Pelayo and his wife Elisenda were blessed with their child not being sick anymore did he realize that he had done this angel wrong. Pelayo set the angel free so he could go at his will. What was strange was that the angel was there at the light of dawn, right where they had put him when they had first discovered him. At this point, I am thinking this is really a spiritual story. People just have to magically realize what is happening. I see a magical element in this angel. In our everyday life, we see angels as beautiful, clean, and miraculous in certain ways. This angel was inf ested with parasites, it's wings were very dirty, and the miracles performed were weird. The purpose was to get people like me interested in seeing the angel from two different point of views. How people were treating this angel was awful. They would throw things at him and treat him like ... ...as come to create miracles in a family a long with many other believers. This story definitely taught me never to lie to my parents again. I sure never would want to be turned into a spider. I thought that lessons were to be learned. From my point of view, I thought that this story also could possibly have been about the death and resurrection of Christ. I do recommend, if someone who appears to be an angel ever comes knocking at the door, the person should not throw him in with the chickens. Works Cited Faris, Wendy B. "Magical Realism : Post Expressionism. "Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community." Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 163-190. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. "A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings." The Norton Introduction to Literature , Ed. Jerome Beaty. N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. 487-492.   

John Fowles Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

John Fowles It's A Boy! Robert and Gladys Richards Fowles give birth to a baby boy on March 31, 1926, in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex County, England. The proud parents have high hopes for their son and send him to two prestigious schools, Alleyn Court School (1934-1939) and Bedford School (1939-1944), where he excels in scholarship and sports. After his primary education is complete, the family moves from London to the Devon countryside, to avoid the invasion of troops in World War II. After serving two years in the Royal Marines (I 945 -1947), John Robert Fowles studied literature at Oxford University, graduating in 1950. He greatly admired Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre, both existentialist writers. After graduation Fowles taught at a number of institutions, including Anargyrios College (1951-1953) where he met and married his wife, Elizabeth Whitton. Here, he wrote poetry and several novels, though he did not submit any for publication at this time. Fowles continued to teach in London until his writing enabled him to concentrate on a career as a writer. His first published novel in 1963, The Collector, was an immediate best seller. The critical acclaim and commercial success of the novel finally allowed Fowles to write full time. A collection of art and philosophical thoughts called The Aristos appeared in 1964. His most enduring work, The Magus, has become something of a popular cult novel in the United States. It involves the traditional quest narrative with elaborate twists and dilemmas resembling a detective story. In the 1970's Fowles began a line of projects, from a series of essays to a collection of poetry called Poems. Besides writing his own poems, short stories, screenplays, and novels, Fowles has translated Fr... ... resembles Victorian society while also showing the reader the similarities to the present day. His attempts to demonstrate the double standards of all societies continue to be seen throughout his other works. The dualistic recurring theme penetrates the minds of the readers and keeps them coming back to Fowles' work. The French Lieutenant's Woman, because of its modem day comparisons and success with the public, is now a motion picture starring Meryl Streep in the title role. Fowles' accomplishments in writing continue to gain him critical acclaim and popularity with readers. He continues to write today with his latest work, Wormholes, published in May, 1998. Certainly, Fowles' success in his writing career has made his parents proud and confident of his success in the future. Work Cited Fowles, John. The French Lieutenant's Woman. Signet: New York, 1969.

Bloodsucking Fiends: A Love Story Chapter 15

Part II Nesting Chapter 15 Learning the Licks They took their shoes off and did it again. The second time was less urgent and they tried to impress each other with their respective repertoires of mattress tricks. Jody was careful not to appear too experienced and Tommy pulled on everything he had ever read, from Penthouse to National Geographic, trying not to appear too naive, while fighting the urge to shout â€Å"Gee whiz† with her every move. There was entirely too much thinking involved on both their parts and they finished thinking, Well, that was pretty okay. Jody's fangs stayed safely sheathed behind her canines. She said, â€Å"What was that you shouted at the end?† â€Å"It was a Bantu love cry. I think it translates, ‘Oh baby, polish my lip saucer.  » â€Å"Interesting,† Jody said. They lay there for a while, not talking, feeling uncomfortable and a little embarrassed. Whatever intimacy they shared physically was not echoed emotionally. They were strangers. Tommy felt that he should confess something personal, something to match the outrageous trust she had put in him by telling him her secret. At the same time he was curious, and a little bit afraid. It wasn't as if she had shown him a hidden tattoo. She was a vampire. How do you match that? How do you file that? Under â€Å"Adventure,† he thought. I wanted adventure, and here it is. â€Å"Tommy,† she said, not looking at him, talking more or less to the ceiling, â€Å"I'll understand if you don't want to stay, but I'd like you to.† â€Å"I've never lived with anyone before. This is all new to me. I mean, you probably have a lot more experience than I do at this.† â€Å"Well, not exactly like this. I've lived with a few guys.† â€Å"A few?† â€Å"Ten, I think. But not under these circumstances.† â€Å"Ten? You must be ancient. No offense. I mean, I knew that you were older, but I thought it was just a few years. Not centuries.† She rolled over and looked him in the eye. â€Å"I'm twenty-six.† â€Å"Sure, you look twenty-six. But you've probably looked this way for years. You probably have pictures of yourself with Abraham Lincoln and stuff, right?† â€Å"No, I'm twenty-six. I've been twenty-six for about six months.† â€Å"But how long†¦ I mean†¦ Were you born like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I've been a vampire for four days.† â€Å"So you're twenty-six.† â€Å"That's what I've been telling you.† â€Å"And you've lived with ten guys?† She got out of bed and started gathering her clothes. â€Å"Look, I don't use the best judgment when it comes to relationships. Okay?† He turned away from her. â€Å"Well, thanks a lot.† â€Å"I didn't mean you. I meant in the past.† He sat on the edge of the bed and hung his head. â€Å"I feel so used.† â€Å"Used?† She leaped over the bed and stood in front of him. â€Å"Used?† She put her finger under his chin and lifted it until he was looking at her. â€Å"I've trusted you with the biggest secret I have. I've offered to share my life with you.† â€Å"Oh, like that's an exclusive privilege.† He pulled away from her and resumed pouting. Jody snatched a shoe off the floor and prepared to whack him with it, then remembered what she had done to Kurt and dropped it. â€Å"Why are you being such an asshole?† â€Å"You drank my blood!† â€Å"Yeah, well, I'm sorry about that.† â€Å"You didn't even ask.† â€Å"And you didn't protest, either.† â€Å"I thought it was a sex thing.† â€Å"It was.† â€Å"It was?† He stopped pouting and looked up at her. â€Å"Does that turn you on?† Jody thought, Why are men never prepared for the toxic radiation of afterglow? Why can't they ride it through without becoming detached whiners or aggressive jerks? They don't get it, that cuddling afterward has nothing to do with warm, fuzzy feelings; it's just the most intelligent way to ride the wave of post-coital depression. â€Å"Tommy, I came so hard, my toes curled. No man has ever made me feel like that before.† How many times have I said that? she thought. â€Å"Yeah?† She nodded. He smiled, feeling proud of himself. â€Å"Let's do it again.† â€Å"No, we need to talk.† â€Å"Okay. But then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Put on your clothes.† Tommy scampered naked out of the bedroom to get a fresh pair of jeans from his suitcase. As he dressed, the infinite possibilities of life swam through his head. Only a week ago he had been staring down the barrel of a life spent in a factory town – of a union job, of a series of financed Fords, a mortgage, too many kids, and a wife who'd go to fat. Sure, there was a certain nobility in being responsible and raising a family – seeing that they never did without. But when his father told him on his eighteenth birthday that he needed to start planning his retirement, he felt his future tighten on him like an anaconda. His father had made it clear that the money for college wasn't there – so after he went to the City and starved, he could come home and get a job down at the factory and get down to the business of being an adult. But not now. He was a City guy now, part of the world; he was involved with a vampire, and the danger of living a normal, boring life had passed completely. He knew he should be afraid, but he was too elated to think about it. He slid into his jeans and ran back to the bedroom, where Jody was getting dressed. â€Å"I'm hungry,† he said. â€Å"Let's go out and get something to eat.† â€Å"I can't eat,† she said. â€Å"Not at all?† â€Å"Not as far as I know. I can't even keep a glass of water down.† â€Å"Wow. Do you have to have blood every day?† â€Å"I don't think so.† â€Å"Does it have to be – I mean, can you use animals, or does it have to be people?† Jody thought about the moth she had eaten and felt as if she'd just downed a cocktail mixed of two parts shame and five parts disgust, with a twist of nausea. â€Å"I don't know, Tommy. I didn't exactly get an instruction book.† He was bouncing around the room like a hyperactive child. â€Å"How did it happen? Did you sell your soul to Satan? Am I going to turn into a vampire? Are you in a coven or something?† She wheeled on him. â€Å"Look, I don't know. I don't know anything. Let me get dressed and we'll go get something for you to eat. I'll explain then, okay?† â€Å"Well, you don't have to bite my head off.† â€Å"Maybe I do,† she snarled, surprised at the acid in her voice. Tommy backed away from her, his eyes wide with fear. She felt horrible. Why did I say that? This was happening too often, this loss of control – showing her burned hand to the bum on the bus, knocking Kurt out, eating the moth, and now threatening Tommy; none of it seemed to be by choice. It was as if vampirism carried with it a crampless case of rattlesnake PMS. â€Å"I'm sorry, Tommy. This has been hard.† â€Å"It's okay.† He picked up the jeans she had destroyed and began emptying the pockets. â€Å"I guess these are done for.† He pulled out the business card that the motel manager had given him. â€Å"Hey, I forgot to tell you. This cop wants to talk to you.† Jody stopped in the middle of tying her shoes. â€Å"Cop?† â€Å"Yeah, an old lady was killed at the motel last night. There were a zillion cops around when I got there this morning. They wanted to talk to everyone that was staying in the motel.† â€Å"How was she killed, Tommy? Do you know?† â€Å"Somebody broke her neck and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped and stared at her, backing away again toward the bathroom. â€Å"What?† she demanded. â€Å"Her neck was broken and what?† â€Å"She'd lost a lot of blood,† he whispered. â€Å"But there weren't any wounds.† He bolted into the bathroom and shut the door. Jody could hear him throw the lock. â€Å"I didn't kill her, Tommy.† â€Å"That's fine,† he said. â€Å"Open the door. Please.† â€Å"I can't, I'm peeing.† He turned on the water. â€Å"Tommy, come out, I'm not going to hurt you. Let's go get you something to eat and I'll explain.† â€Å"You go ahead,† he said. â€Å"I'll catch up to you. Wow, I really had to go. Must have been all that coffee I drank today.† â€Å"Tommy, I swear I didn't know anything about this until you told me.† â€Å"Look at this,† he said through the door, â€Å"I found that crucifix I lost last week. And what's this? My lucky vial of holy water.† â€Å"Tommy, stop it. I'm not going to hurt you. I don't want to hurt anybody.† â€Å"Oh, my garlic wreath. I wondered where I'd put that.† Jody grabbed the door knob and yanked. The doorjamb splintered and the door came away in her hand. Tommy dived into the tub and peeked over the edge at her. She said, â€Å"Let's go get you something to eat. We need to talk.† He pulled himself up slowly, ready to dive down the drain if she made a move. She backed away. He looked at the ruined doorjamb. â€Å"We're going to lose our deposit now; you know that, right?† Jody threw the door aside and offered her hand to help him out of the tub. â€Å"Can I buy you some fries? I'd really like to watch you eat some French fries.† â€Å"That's weird, Jody.† â€Å"Compared to what?† They walked to Market Street where, even at ten o'clock, the sidewalks were crowded with bums and hustlers and teams of podiatrists who had escaped the Moscone Convention Center to seek out burgers, pizzas, and beer in the heart of the City. Jody watched the heat ghosts trailing the street people while Tommy handed out coins like a meter-maid angel trying to atone for a lifetime of giving chickenshit tickets. He dropped a quarter into the palm of a half-fingered glove worn by a woman who was pretending to be a robot, but who looked more like a golem newly shaped from gutter filth. Jody noticed a black aura around the woman, as she had seen around the old man on the bus; she could smell disease and the rawness of open lesions and she almost pulled Tommy away. A few steps away she said, â€Å"You don't have to give them all money just because they ask, you know.† â€Å"I know, but if I give them money I don't see their faces when I'm about to fall asleep.† â€Å"It doesn't really help. She'll just spend it on booze or drugs.† â€Å"If I was her, so would I.† â€Å"Good point,† Jody said. She took his arm and led him into a burger joint named No Guilt: orange Formica tables over industrial-gray carpet, giant backlit transparencies of food glistening with grease, and families gleefully clogging their arteries together. â€Å"Is this okay?† â€Å"Perfect,† Tommy said. They took a table by the window and Jody trembled while Tommy ordered a brace of burgers and a basket of fries. She said, â€Å"Tell me about the woman who was killed.† â€Å"She had a dog, a little gray dog. They found them both in the dumpster at the motel. She was old. Now she'll always be old.† â€Å"Pardon?† â€Å"People always stay the age that they died at. My big brother died of leukemia when I was six. He was eight. Now when I think of him, he's always eight, and he's still my big brother. He never changes, and the part of me that remembers him never changes. See. What about you?† â€Å"I don't have any brothers or sisters.† â€Å"No, I mean, are you going to stay the same? Will you always look like this now?† â€Å"I haven't thought about it. I guess it could be true. I know I heal really fast since it happened.† The waitress brought Tommy's food. He squirted ketchup on the fries and attacked. â€Å"Tell me,† he said around a mouthful of burger. Jody started slowly as she watched his every bite with envy, telling him first about her life before the attack, of growing up in Monterey and dropping out of community college when her life didn't seem to be moving fast enough. Then of moving to San Francisco, of her jobs and her loves and the few life lessons she had learned. She told him about that night of the attack in too much detail, and in the telling she realized how little she understood about what had happened to her. She told him about waking up, and of how her strength and senses had changed, and it was here that words began to fail her – there were no words to describe some of the things she had seen and felt. She told him about the call at the motel and about being followed by the other vampire. When she had finished she felt more confused than when she had started. Tommy said, â€Å"So you're not immortal. He said that you could be killed.† â€Å"I guess; I don't seem to change. All my childhood scars are gone, the lines on my face. My body seems to have lifted a little.† Tommy grinned. â€Å"You do have a great body.† â€Å"I could lose five pounds,† Jody said. She inhaled sharply and her eyes went wide, as if she'd just remembered some explosives she'd left in the oven. â€Å"Oh my God!† â€Å"What?† Tommy looked around, thinking she had seen something frightening, something dangerous. â€Å"This is horrible.† â€Å"What is it?† Tommy insisted. â€Å"I just realized – I'm always going to be a pudgette. I have jeans I'll never get into. I'm always going to need to lose five pounds.† â€Å"So what, every woman I've ever known thought she needed to lose five pounds.† â€Å"But they have a chance, they have hope. I'm doomed.† â€Å"You could go on a liquid diet,† Tommy said. â€Å"Very funny.† She pinched her hip to confirm her observation. â€Å"Five pounds. If he'd only waited another week to attack. I was on the yogurt-and-grapefruit diet. I would have made it. I'd be thin forever.† She realized that she was obsessing and turned her attention to Tommy. â€Å"How's your neck, by the way?† He rubbed the spot where she had bitten him. â€Å"It's fine. I can't even feel a mark.† â€Å"You don't feel weak?† â€Å"No more than usual.† Jody smiled. â€Å"I don't know how much I†¦ I mean, I don't have any way of measuring or anything.† â€Å"No, I'm fine. It was kind of sexy. I just wonder how I healed so fast.† â€Å"It seems to work that way.† â€Å"Let's try something.† He held his hand by her face. â€Å"Lick my finger.† She pushed his hand away. â€Å"Tommy, just finish eating and we can go home and do this.† â€Å"No, it's an experiment. My cuticles get split from cutting boxes at the store. I want to see if you can heal them.† He touched her lower lip. â€Å"Go ahead, lick.† She snaked out a tentative tongue and licked the tip of his finger, then took his finger in her mouth and ran her tongue around it. â€Å"Wow,† Tommy said. He pulled his finger out and looked at it. His cuticle, which had been split and torn, had healed. â€Å"This is great. Look.† Jody studied his cuticle. â€Å"It worked.† â€Å"Do another.† He thrust another finger in her mouth. She spit it out. â€Å"Stop that.† â€Å"Come on.† He pushed at her lips. â€Å"Pleeeeze.† A big guy in a Forty-Niners sweatshirt leaned over from the table next to them and said, â€Å"Buddy, do you mind? I've got my kids here.† â€Å"Sorry,† Tommy said, wiping vampire spit on his shirt. â€Å"We were just experimenting.† â€Å"Yeah, well, this isn't the place for it, okay?† â€Å"Right,† Tommy said. â€Å"See?† Jody whispered. â€Å"I told you.† â€Å"Let's go home,† Tommy said. â€Å"I've got a blister on my big toe.† â€Å"No fucking way, writer-boy.† â€Å"It's low in calories,† Tommy coaxed, prodding her foot with his sneaker. â€Å"Good, and good for you.† â€Å"Not a chance.† Tommy sighed in defeat. â€Å"Well, I guess we've got more to worry about than my toe or your weight problem.† â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"Like the fact that last night I saw a guy in the store parking lot that I think was the other vampire.†

Effectiveness Of Anti-Smoking Advertisement Essay

Out of the total business of Tobacco in the world (i.e. $ 27 billion a year), 50% amount of the total turnover is being spent on marketing of the products (U.S. FTC _Cigarette Report_ 2007). The total deaths due to smoking were 100 million in the 20th Century. If precautions are not taken, it may go up-to one billion in the 21st Century against the present count of 5.4 million deaths as per WHO report, Feb.8 (Xinhua). The WHO report also says that governments earn as revenue more than 500 times than what these spend on non-smoking campaigns. The turnover targets of the tobacco industry also calls for anti smoking charitable organizations to prevent smoking for the freshers and take into confidence the regular smokers to quit. Different Messages should be used to impress people and these should be very much effective through a research. All these messages should reach the people through an outdoor campaigning or through radio, television or distribution of printed pamphlets. Public Relation shall also help you to contact the affected persons. Besides these, Internet contacts and meetings on the public places shall also help you to achieve the targets. 1. BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM DEFINITION Smoking is highly detrimental to health. Regular smoking can lead to serious diseases like lung cancer and chronic heart diseases. It reduces productivity of smokers and hence of organizations in which they are working which in turn hampers the economic growth of the country. The same effects are applicable on second-hand or passive smoker also. A lot of resources of any economy are diverted curing different diseases of active and passive smokers. Such resources could have been diverted towards other productive activities. The possible ways of reducing smoking and hence reducing its negative impact may be: (a) increasing the prices of cigarettes substantially by imposing huge taxes on cigarettes; (b) banning cigarettes  in public places. However, cigarette smoking is an addiction and its demand is relatively price inelastic and thus option (a) has limited scope to reduce smoking. Banning smoking in public places has also limited scope because individuals have the liberty to smoke in private without any major decrease in smoking. To compel individuals to reduce or quit smoking, an effective approach is through advertisement campaigns highlighting the ill-effects of smoking. However, advertisement campaigns will be successful in their objectives only when they are effectively designed and communicated. Since advertisement campaigns involve huge expenditure, it should give the maximum benefit in terms of large reduction in number of smokers. That is, advertisement campaigns should be cost-effective. Thus, designing an effective advertisement campaign is of prime importance for the benefit of any society or economy. This project is an attempt in this direction. This project aims to suggest what a successful anti-smoking advertisement campaign should contain? When the smoking statistics is analyzed for UK, it is observed that it is the highest amongst the persons who aged 20-34 years. Around 35% of persons (both men and women) in the age group of 20-34 years smoke. The lowest smoking rate is amongst the persons who aged 60 and above. Around 16% of the persons in the age group of 60 and above smoke. When the smoking rate amongst the adults is analyzed, it is found out that 29% of men and 25% of women amongst adults smoke. The figure does not look to an alarming when we compare the same with 1974 figures when 51% of men and 41% of women (that is nearly 50% of the adult population in UK) smoked cigarettes (UK SMOKING STATISTICS, www.nonsmokingday.org.uk). Thus, in the recent years the decline in smoking has been mostly concentrated amongst older population. More matured smokers are quitting smoking where as many youths are joining the smoking group. Smoking statistics further show that lower socio-economic group people smoke more than the people in the professional group. 39% of men and 34% of women in lower socio-economic group smoke as compared with 15% of men and 13% of women in professional group (UK SMOKING STATISTICS, www.nonsmokingday.org.uk). The smoking statistics in the age group of 11-15 years show that 6% of UK population in this age group smokes regularly in 2007. However, the regular smoking rate was 16% in 1977 in the age group of 11-15 year. Amongst the 15-year-old population, the smoking rate declined from 25% in 1982 to 20% in 2006 and further to 15% in 2007 (www.ash.org.uk). Thus to persuade the individuals further to quit smoking to increase their productivity and to apprise them about harmful effects of smoking, an effective advertisement campaign should be designed. Different advertisement campaigns should be designed to target different section of society. The segmentation should be done on the basis of age, sex and socio-economic status. Since in UK the maximum smoking rate is amongst the youth and lower socio-economic group, the maximum amount of UK anti-smoking advertisement budget should be kept for these two groups. Since the maximum smoking rate in UK is amongst the persons who aged 16 to 50 years, this project aims at describing the process for designing the effective anti smoking advertisement campaigns for the smokers who are in this age group. The variables which are very important for any advertisement campaign are: (a) content; (b) consistency; (c) clarity; and (d) reach (Sissors JT, Bumba L. _Advertising Media Planning_, 1989). Primarily the advertisement campaign should contain the harmful effects of smoking which should be targeted at different sections of the society in terms of their demographic profile. The content regarding highlighting negative impacts of smoking can be classified as below: The advertisements that highlight the adverse long-term effects of smoking in the health of smokers such as smoking causing diseases like lung cancer and other chronic heart problems. Advertisements that discuss the adverse effects in the short-run such as foul  breath and rejection while the smoker is involved in the romance. Advertisements that describe the false tactics employed by the cigarette companies to sell cigarettes which is a destructive and addictive product. The advertisement should emphasize that cigarette companies are illegally targeting minors and making false claims that cigarettes are non-addictive. Advertisements that involve role models who describe ill-effects of smoking. Advertisements that highlight the adverse effects of second hand smoke or passive smoking on children, friends and other family members. Advertisements that show smokers as the persons who have preferred unattractive and unhealthy life style. Advertisements that involve celebrities and showing that these celebrities are refusing to smoke. This project describes the approach that should be adopted while designing effective concepts of advertising to quit smoking. The approach is designed to help organizations which are involved in choosing the concepts of advertising for a campaign, the main objective of which is to motivate smokers to quit or to make an attempt to quit smoking. The approach is very appropriate for market research. The main objective of the approach is to conduct the market test for finding out the most appropriate advertisement for a particular market or target group. This may be achieved by analyzing the different advertisements which have already been developed in the past. The approach is based on the assumption that the persons who are watching these advertisements could be youth or adults, men or women, smokers or non-smokers. Different advertising campaigns should be designed for targeting different  sections of the society. The campaign which may be effective for adults, the same campaign may not be effective for youths. The project is further divided into four sections. Section 2 discusses the research objectives of the study. Section 3 explains the research methodology of the study. Section 4 provides the data analysis and empirical results while section 5 gives the recommendations 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The main objective of this research is to assess different advertisement in terms of their ability to fulfill certain objectives of advertisement campaign. This objective can be achieved only if the research analyses reactions to different advertisements. The reactions to each of the advertisements can be analyzed on the following parameters: Whether the advertisement will be noticed by the smokers (Attention) Whether the smokers will find the advertisement as relevant to them (Identification) The kind of message that will be conveyed to smokers through the advertisement (Communication) The impact that the advertisement will have on smoking (Effect). The objectives of the advertisement will determine the objectives of research on communication and effect parameters. That is, If the main objective of the campaign is to provide awareness about the harmful effects of smoking – the objective is to find the advertisements which have the maximum potential to provide awareness about the effects of smoking on health. If the objective of the campaign is to encourage smokers to stop smoking –  the objective is to find the advertisements which have the maximum potential to encourage smokers towards quitting of cigarettes. If the objective of the campaign is to enhance awareness of harmful effects of passive smoking – the objective is to determine the advertisements which have the maximum potential to increase awareness of the ill-effects of second hand smoke. If the objective of the campaign is to develop or support smoke-free policies – the objective is to find out which advertisements have the maximum capacity to enhance support these smoke-free policies. The unintended effects of advertisements amongst smokers and persons outside the target audience group should also be identified by the research. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A focus group discussion approach has been used to conduct the research. In focus group discussion method, there is an involvement of several groups of persons from the target audience. Groups are segmented in terms of their demographic profiles. Persons of the group are encouraged to fruitfully discuss different possible advertisements. Experiences, attitudes and opinions are discussed in the focus groups. Various views are exchanged and explored during the discussion. The main advantage of the context of the group is the ability of group dynamics to bring new ideas and to encourage the debate on the issue. To successfully address the research objectives, minimum four group discussions should be conducted. The complexities involved in the target audience of campaign and the segmentation of the participants determine the number of groups that should be involved while conducting the research. _SEGMENTATION:_ The first task in designing the research is to determine the target audience.  This is followed by finding out the most suitable approach that will be used to segment the target audience into different groups. The segmentation is done on the basis of demographic profile such as age and sex. The following segmentation may be used if the objective of the campaign is to motivate smokers who aged 16 to 50 years to quit smoking. To design the research project and the inclusion of the participants in different groups, the following procedure should be adopted: Different groups should include only smokers (that is those who smoke at least five cigarettes in a day). Occasional smokers should not be included. Only those smokers should be included who are thinking to quit smoking in the next one year or some other time in the future. Smokers who are resistant to change should not be included. Only those smokers who represent suitable socio-demographic profiles should be included to reflect the smoking population. That is, all smokers should be from lower socio-economic group if the target group represents lower socio-economic status. People who are involved in promotion of healthy programmes, market research or having employment in cigarette companies should not be included. To design the project and the inclusion of participants, in addition to the above, some additional criteria are also worth considering. Consideration of these additional criteria will depend upon the characteristics of the smoker population, objectives of communication of the advertisements and the specific campaign’s aims. These additional criteria might contain the followings: Whether the conduct of the research should be in different locations, such as rural or urban or semi-urban. Whether the parents who are smokers should be included. Whether non-smokers and ex-smokers should be included in the research. In each focus group discussion, normally there is a recruitment of eight to  ten smokers. Many times it is better to recruit ten persons as all the people who are recruited will not attend at the given time and one should expect that seven or eight persons will attend. The constructive discussion on the issues and fruitful interaction may be held with this number. _GROUP DISCUSSION APPROACH:_ A room or a hall should be used for conducting group discussion. The group discussion needs to be arranged in a TV room where participants can see TV each other and the faculty. The discussions should be recorded for further review and analysis; if this is not possible proper notes should be drawn after each group. The research assistant shall fill-up a form after completion of each group which will contain the group number, advertisement name and member. Participants shall introduce themselves to each other and further explanation shall be given by the in charge of the group. The participants shall be distributed a set of forms for each Ad and final page after rating of all the advertisements. Each member shall view each of the advertisements and rate the same to have an individual decision without any pressure of the group. This shall result in healthier discussions in the group for exploration in detail. The tape of the advertisement for all the ads shall be run twice and stopped and the participants make ratings thereafter. Thereafter, the in charge of the group shall ask all the participants to complete the final page of rating and collect the same. The order of displaying the ads should be charged to overcome the similarly of preferential order in which these are present. It is necessary for the organizer to record the different number and name of the ad on the top before handing over. Afterwards, he will keep the ads in the order these are shown for each group. The ads should bear a short title in the requisite space before handing over the forms. Conversation between the participants and the moderator shall be held through open discussions where participants shall have freedom to speak openly. Participants may face different questions from the moderator. Research Assistant shall keep record notes of the discussions and observations, which shall based on attention, identification and communication of the smokers and lastly the effect of the ad or the smokers. The Research staff should take notes, include quotations from participants and make concluding observations from the groups as per the themes give below: Whether the advertisement will be noticed by the smokers. Whether the smokers will find the advertisement as relevant to them. What kinds of messages will be conveyed to the smokers. Whether there will be effect of the advertisement on smoking. Whether there will be any unintended consequences of the advertisement. 4. DATA NALYSIS AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS: _RATING SHEETS:_ After the completion of all the groups, all the rating sheets should be collated and the analysis of results should begin. The percentage of persons who rightly identify the core message of the advertisement in either of the first two questions should also be calculated for each advertisement. Calculation should also be made for the percentage of persons who made definitely incorrect interpretation of the core message. This will provide the numerical scores for the themes of communication and unintended consequences. The scorer should decide in advance what is the core message of each advertisement and what will be taken as a correct core message to determine how to score responses of the people. The percentage of persons  who agree or disagree with each advertisement should be computed for each advertisement. A summary of the preferences of the people should be made by comparing these percentages for each advertisement. The percentage of persons who declared each advertisement as the most effective to quit or making an attempt to quit smoking should be computed on the final advertisement rating page. The same kind of rigorous analysis can be conducted by computing the percentage of each demographic group in terms of males and females, adults and youths etc. _GROUP DISCUSSION_ : After the completion of all the groups, the note taking form prepared by the Research Staff should be collated. The core themes and research objectives should be taken into account while analyzing results for each advertisement. The results should be analyzed in terms of the following parameters: Attention Relevance Message Effect Unintended consequences It should be ensured that from each group, all the issues and opinions have been taken into consideration. This can be achieved by taking additional notes (if required) after listening or watching the recordings of each group. One should consider only the opinions which are the most common. It is very important to judge whether an advertisement will be effective or not if only a mall number of participants express their opinions. It should be ensured by the researcher that all ranges of responses have been taken into account and not just the responses that confirm already  established findings and conclusions. When advertisements are compared and preferences are considered, it should be taken into account that the most liked advertisement of the group may not necessarily the best advertisement or anti smoking campaign. The advertisement should be effective and not necessarily liked by the participants. The advertisement which achieves the most objectives of the campaign is considered as the best advertisement. For this, advertisement needs to be noticed, to be relevant, to be able communicate the desired message and to prompt smokers to quit smoking. _COMBINED RESEARCH INFORMATION:_ To select the advertisement, which is most likely to fulfill the campaign objectives, the results obtained from the rating sheets and the discussion analysis should be combined and compared. The analysis of rating sheets will tell about comparison of the different advertisements on different important dimensions. The analysis of focus group discussion will explain about these differences. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS: While designing the effective advertisement campaign, one should take into account the target group for which the advertisement campaign has been designed. The campaign which is more effective for adults, may not necessarily effective for youths. While designing the advertisement campaign for youths, it should contain the following message themes – romantic rejection, smokers as negative role models, ill-effect of passive smoking, celebrities refusing to smoke, involvement of role models describing the ill-effects of smoking. When targeting adults, the ‘Emotional Consequences’ campaign will be more effective as it will make them think about the impact of their smoking on children, friends and other family members. In last, it is recommended that one should conduct the effects of advertisement campaign on outcome. Thus, pre and post test of any advertisement campaign should be conducted. REFERENCES: Teenage Smoking attitudes in 1996. Office for National Statistics, 1997 Goddard, E. General Household Survey 2006: Smoking and drinking among adults 2006. Office for National Statistics, 2008. Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 2007. The Information Centre for Health and Social Care, 2007 View report Bewley B.R, Day I, Ide L. Smoking by children in Great Britain. MRC Social Science Research Council, 1972. Dobbs J, Marsh A. Smoking among secondary schoolchildren. HMSO, 1982. Hamilton JL. The demand for cigarettes: advertising, thehealth scare, and the cigarette advertising ban. _Review of Economics and Statistics_ 1974;54:401-11. Lewit EM, Coate D, Grossman M. The effects of government regulation on teenage smoking. _Journal of Law and Economics_ 1981;24:545-69. Schneider L, Klein B, Murphy KM. Governmental regulation of cigarette health information. _Journal of Law and Economics_ 1981;24:575-611. Schuster CP, Powell CP. Comparison of cigarette and alcohol advertising controversies. _Journal of Advertising_ 1987; 16:26-33. Warner KE. The effects of the anti-smoking campaign on cigarette consumption. _Am J Public Health_ 1977;67:645-50. Perry CL, Kelder SH, Murray DM, _et al._ Communitywide smoking prevention: long-term outcomes of the Minnesota heart health program and the class of 1989. _Am J Public Health_ 1992;82:1210-6. Flynn B,Worden JK, Secker-Walker RH, _et al._ Prevention of cigarette smoking through mass media intervention and school programs. _Am J Public Health_ 1992;82:827-34. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7791012.stm http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/9/3/273 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_advertising http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/87/20/1538 http://www.keynote.co.uk http://old.ash.org.uk/html/factsheets/html/fact19.html http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/messages.htm http://www.stop-smoking-updates.com/quitsmoking/smoking-and-children/causes-effects/why-youngsters-smoke.htm